Our mental health is in constant flux and ebbs and flows on a daily basis. Ertosun, . G., Erdil, O., Deniz, N., & Alpkan, L. (2015). * p < .05, ** p < .01. (2008). WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). Stress associated with adapting to online learning presented particular challenges for students who did not have adequate internet access in their homes (Hoover, 2020). We examined whether the COVID-19 context shaped the efficacy of particular strategies to promote well-being. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. 2011;81: 101107: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x McGonigal, J. Coping Through the Coronavirus. 10.3390/ijerph18010355 2022 Dec 7;19(24):16423. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416423. The coronavirus pandemic is pushing America into a mental health crisis. Among university students, healthy coping strategies could buffer them from some of the unique challenges associated with acculturating and adjusting to college experiences (Jardin et al., 2018), especially during a pandemic. Find new ways to celebrate. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients, Guidelines and Recommendations for Writing a Rigorous Quantitative Methods Section in Counseling and Related Fields. https://news.gallup.com/poll/249098/americans-stress-worry-anger-intensified-2018.aspx. Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. Coping is often defined as efforts to prevent or diminish the threat, harm, and loss, or to reduce associated distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010, p. 685). In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern, and the effects continue to be widespread and ongoing. This study is qualitative research with a case 10.1007/s12144-020-01304-z WebOwning Your Feelings & Moving Through Emotional Discomfort. Fourteen conceptually differentiable coping strategies are measured by the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997): active coping, planning, using emotional support, using instrumental support, venting, positive reframing, acceptance, denial, self-blame, humor, religion, self-distraction, substance use, and behavioral disengagement. Soothing the nervous system, by taking care of the body, can help to bring us back to a healthier place. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9933-3, Hoover, E. (2020). Your classmates, friends or family members may be disobeying the rules about physical distancing or doing other things that add to your stress. Or consider trying a new activity that you havent tried before. Frequent breaks can help you re-engage in your work. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, Prior to COVID-19, the PsyCap dimensions of optimism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of well-being. Adaptive coping strategiessuch as active coping, acceptance, using emotional support, and positive reframingwere found to better aid in predicting well-being. The coping strategy of planning (mean) among students in individual program years (F, Fig 5. Cleveland, But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factorsrelationships, meaning, and physical healthand the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among university students. Aim of the Study and Research Questions As the students collaborated with one another, they gained greater appreciation for one anothers disciplines and unique skill sets, Johnson-Huff said. However, there is a paucity of research to address the possible impacts of the pedagogical shift integrated into new online platforms on learning, interaction, and assessment, especially in higher education settings from the vantage point of EFL Students at a B., & Zvolensky, M. J. Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles Psychological capital intervention (PCI): A replication and extension. PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. Hearing about the pandemic can be upsetting. Mental Health Status and Coping among Portuguese Higher Education Students in the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic. iGen: Why todays super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happyand completely unprepared for adulthoodand what that means for the rest of us. A positive approach to management education: The relationship between academic PsyCap and student engagement. Visit your App store or the Houseparty Appwebsite. Luthans, F., Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. Sixty-three percent of the students were employed (n = 384) and the remaining 37% were unemployed (n = 225). Am J Orthopsychiatry. Basic self-care will keep your immune system strong and your emotional reserves full. Helpful strategies of coping The effect size of the change in the scores of individual PERMA elements ranged between 12.1% and 32.5%. Data Collection Procedures Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Szymczuk E, Shpakou A. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Kauffman, S. B. Fig 2. The uncertainties arising from COVID-19 have added to anticipatory anxiety regarding the future (Ray, 2019; Witters & Harter, 2020). Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Random House. After cleaning the data, 197 surveys were excluded from the data analyses. (2015). The ongoing stress and trauma of the COVID-19 crisis can take a serious toll on our bodies: creating tense muscles, headaches, digestive issues, difficulty sleeping, and even immunity problems. The .gov means its official. Psychol. Gilbert, D. (2007). COVID-19 and school closures impacted many children and adolescents' mental health and well-being. Retrospective recall may be inaccurate (Gilbert, 2007) with participants under- or overestimating their well-being. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. The main coping methods used were watching movies and listening to music (81%), playing sports (80%), praying (75%), rigorously applying social distancing measures Interestingly, using emotional support also showed a similar mediating link between resilience and PERMA, but not for the factors of loneliness and negative emotion. Disclaimer. The site is secure. Below are some resources that allow for physically distant connecting. From the Great Depression to 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, victims of these life-shattering events have had to deal with their present circumstances and were also left with worries about how life and society would be inexorably altered in the future. Coping strategies were evaluated using the Brief COPE questionnaire (Carver, 1997), which is a short form (28 items) of the original COPE inventory (Carver et al., 1989). COVID-19 has led to global dramatic shifts in daily life. Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. WebWe study the stability of noncognitive skills by comparing experimental results gathered before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This situation clearly showed the students' helplessness and difficulties with coping with this new, stressful situation, highlighted in many previous studies. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social The role of psychological capital in academic adjustment among university students. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i2.855, Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. International Business Research, 8(10), 102111. Experts are projecting increases in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in the United States (Wan, 2020). Instruments https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267. The International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., 2008 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. If family members are distracting you, use I statements to explain the problem--Im worried about my exam next weekand work together to develop solutions. Sci Prog. Get up, go to bed and do your work at the same time every day. Cleveland, https://news.gallup.com/poll/310250/worry-stress-fuel-record-drop-life-satisfaction.aspx, Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). Recently, the use of positive psychology smartphone apps such as Happify and resilience-building video games such as SuperBetter have been suggested and tested as motivational tools, especially with younger adults, to foster sustained and continued engagement with PsyCap development (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; McGonigal, 2015). The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. Psychol. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). Students use of self-blame (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19, MeSH Results indicated that PsyCap affected well-being both directly and indirectly through coping strategies. B. COVID-19 hastened a trend that was already ongoing before the pandemic outbreak: the progressively increasing use of distance and online teaching and learning, alongside with lectures and classes. Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92100. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877891. The impact of business school students psychological capital on academic performance. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0049. You can only control your own thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It is important to remember that not everything being said about COVID-19 is accurate. Listen to childrens concerns. Adaptive coping strategies were also conducive to well-being. Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. One of the distinguishing characteristics of PsyCap is its malleability and openness to change and development (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2006). Guilford. * p < .05, ** p < .01. Students substance use (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19 pandemic, Fig 9. The Career Development International, 16(1), 6081. to the adversity. Psychological capital and well-being. FOIA https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2015.0088. Researchers have reported that high levels of technology and social media use are associated with depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults (Huckins et al., 2020; Primack et al., 2017; Twenge, 2017). Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether coping strategies mediate PsyCaps effect on well-being. Priscilla Rose Prasath, Peter C. Mather, Christine Suniti Bhat, Justine K. James. Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Future researchers should consider issues of internal consistency as they choose scales and interpret results. Cohen, J. Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. If so, please share them using this form. Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6, Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. PsyCap is defined as an, individuals positive psychological state of development characterized by (1) having confidence (self-efficacy) to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; (2) making a positive attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future; (3) persevering toward goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths to goals (hope) in order to succeed; and (4) when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond (resilience) to attain success. Participants were asked to complete the well-being assessment twicefirst, by responding as they recalled their well-being prior to COVID-19, and second, by responding as they reflected on their well-being during the pandemic. Background: During COVID-19 To avoid being overwhelmed, set limits on your media consumption and smartphone use. In this study, accepting the realities, using alternative affirmative explanations, seeking social support for meeting emotional needs, and engaging in active problem-focused coping behaviors seem to be the most helpful ways to counter the negative effects of the pandemic on well-being. Research Question 2 Copyright 2023 Mental Health America, Inc. preparing for your wellness during the COVID-19 outbreak, College During COVID: Balancing Academics & Fun, One Love Foundation x Mental Health America, How The Human-Animal Bond Increases Resilience And Empowers Us To Thrive, Managing Video Anxiety During Teletherapy, COVID-19 And Loneliness: When It Seems Like No One Cares, Maintaining Hope In The Face Of Uncertainty, Preparing For The Holidays During COVID-19, Be Kind to Your Mind: Stress Coping Strategies During COVID-19 (Webinar Recording), Facebook Live: Support Animals and COVID-19 Anxiety, Processing Big Changes: Grief And Loss During COVID-19. Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 10981118. (2011). College Quarterly, 16(1). With schools around the country closed, students are facing unprecedented change. The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). The newly revised approach to foundation skills must deal with this inherent challenge. Such a decline in well-being following a pandemic is consistent with previous occurrences of public health crises or natural disasters (Deaton, 2012). There is robust empirical support suggesting that individuals with higher PsyCap have higher levels of performance (job and academic); satisfaction; engagement; attitudinal, behavioral, and relational outcomes; and physical and psychological health and well-being outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. Physical health significantly reduced from 6.58 to 5.91. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2752. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032752. An official website of the United States government. A brief questionnaire was used to capture participant information. The statistical analysis showed that during the coronavirus pandemic, Polish students most often used the coping strategies of: acceptance, planning, and seeking emotional support. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. Ask your supervisor for help. Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227. 2021;18(1): 355. Psychological capital and beyond. Talarowska M, Rucka K, Kowalczyk M, Chodkiewicz J, Kowalczyk E, Karbownik MS, Sienkiewicz M. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Flourishing (or well-being) is defined as a dynamic optimal state of psychosocial functioning that arises from functioning well across multiple psychosocial domains (Butler & Kern, 2016, p. 2). The data were screened and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, v25). Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in Peter C. Mather, PhD, is a professor and department chair at Ohio University. Justine K. James, PhD, is an assistant professor at University College in Kerala, India. Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Studies conducted during the COVID19 pandemic have shown a similar pattern: psychological resilience, coping behaviours and social support safeguard mental health and wellbeing among health care workers who are on the frontlines of the fights against this deadly virus (BlancoDonoso et al., 2021; Chew et al., 2020; Labrague & De los Whether its an internship, dissertation defense or graduation ceremony, important events may not happen this year. Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015). The PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) is a 23-item self-report measure that assesses the level of well-being across five well-being domains (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and additional subscales that measure negative emotion, loneliness, and physical health. Demographic Questionnaire Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. WebSupport in faith was a positive predictor for perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. I UI Undergraduate (n = 142), II UII Undergraduate (n = 100), III UIII Undergraduate (n = 104), I GI Graduate (n = 66), II GII Graduate (n = 70), I-III MI-III uniform Masters studies (n = 64), IV-V MIV-V uniform Masters studies (n = 31). Flourishing: The PERMA Well-Being Model Christine Suniti Bhat, PhD, LPC, LSC (OH), is a professor and the interim director of the George E. Hill Center for Counseling & Research at Ohio University. Do something physical like dancing. Conclusions: Coping strategies are significant predictors for mental health Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Do you have other coping strategies that have helped you reduce stress related to COVID-19? SAGE. Copyright 2023 National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates. 2023 Feb 8;20(4):2988. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042988. University Students and Mental Health https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593, Tansey, T. N., Smedema, S., Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J.-R., Cardoso, E. D. S., & Strauser, D. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). Fig 2. Front. In this study, we explored these questions with a sample of graduate and Prior to COVID-19, self-efficacy and optimism were the two major psychological resources that predicted university student well-being. Miyazaki, Y., Bodenhorn, N., Zalaquett, C., & Ng, K.-M. (2008). Perception towards E-learning and COVID-19 on the mental health status of university students in Malaysia. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. Washington Post. (2017). Top Tips To Decrease Coronavirus Anxiety & Improve Emotional Well Being, Strategies for Healthy Emotion Regulation During Uncertain Times, Owning Your Feelings & Moving Through Emotional Discomfort, Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing, Mental Health For Remote Workers: Supporting Employees And One Another, Gaming For Mental Health: Using Video And Board Games To Support Wellbeing, Building Resiliency To Isolation & Loneliness: How To Increase Our Resiliency During The COVID-19 Crisis, Peer, Friend And Self Support In The COVID-19 Crisis: How To Provide Support For Ourselves And Others Through Times Of Fear And Isolation, Navigating Relationships During The COVID-19 Pandemic, Back to Normal or Not: How to Help Your Family Through COVID-19 Transitions, Herramientas Para La Mejorar La Resiliencia Y Apoyar A La Comunidad Latinx: Seminario Virtual En Espaol Dirigido Por La Iniciativa Que Hacer Ahora. Michaels, P. J., Corrigan, P. W., Kanodia, N., Buchholz, B., & Abelson, S. (2015). Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. However, during the pandemic, the covariance of the PsyCap dimensions with well-being increased to 39% (R2 = .39, p < .01). Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. L = Loneliness. Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Universities across Results of a repeated-measures ANOVA presented in Figure 1 indicate that mean scores of PERMA decreased significantly during COVID-19: = .620; F (5,604) = 73.99, p < .001. When news of Covid-19 first started circulating, no one believed it would still be impacting our lives today. Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Mental Health of Students at Polish Universities after Two Years of the Outbreak of COVID-19. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282294. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. Point-biserial correlation and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships of demographic variables, PsyCap, and coping strategies with change in PERMA scores. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. Simon & Schuster. Establish a routine. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose The measure demonstrates acceptable reliability, cross-time stability, and evidence for convergent and divergent validity (Butler & Kern, 2016). Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. Field, A. International journal of mental health nursing. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131142. For university students, the pandemic brought about disruptions to life as they knew it. SuperBetter: A revolutionary approach to getting stronger, happier, braver and more resilient. Twenge, J. M. (2017). Consider recreating important events once its safe. Other coping strategies, such as denial, self-blame, distraction, and substance use, are more often associated with negative emotions, such as shame, guilt, lower perception of self-efficacy, and psychological distress, rather than making efforts to remediate them (Billings & Moos, 1984). To this end, in 2020, a sample of Polish students was anonymously measured using the Mini-COPE questionnaire. Research has demonstrated that this exacerbates existing mental health concerns among university students (Klussman et al., 2020). University students are dealing with uncertain current realities and futures and may need to bolster their internal resources to face the challenges ahead. Learn more about whole health and what you can do to improve your overall wellness including preparing for your wellness during the COVID-19 outbreak. Note. Do coping strategies play a mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. P = Positive Emotion, Foremost among these is that data were collected using self-report measures, and in the case of the PERMA-Profiler, data were collected using the retrospective recall of participants as they considered their well-being prior to the onset of COVID-19. A total of 806 university students from the United States participated in the study. Researchers have also examined the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between positive emotion and academic performance (Carmona-Halty et al., 2019; Hazan Liran & Miller, 2019; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012; K. W. Luthans et al., 2016); relationships and predictions between PsyCap and mental health in university students (Selvaraj & Bhat, 2018); and relationships between PsyCap, well-being, and coping (Rabenu et al., 2017). Limit your media consumption. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. The Journal of Education for Business, 87(5), 253259. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). WebCoping During Covid-19. Among the PERMA elements, engagement and physical health were least impacted by COVID-19, whereas students experiences of positive emotion and negative emotion were the factors that were largely affected. Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 66 (M = 27.36, SD = 9.9). Additionally, data collection methods and sample demographics would likely limit generalizability. Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. These patterns are primarily driven by those with more negative experiences of the pandemic. You made the JV team in 10th grade, later played in college, and still think of Callahan every time you succeed at work. Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. Students are dealing with a variety of social-emotional issues during the COVID-19 pandemic from a lack of basic resources in the home, such as food, a deficit in coping skills, or perhaps a lack of internet access. WebMaintain adequate nutrition by eating three healthy meals per day; now is a great time to try new recipes! With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. Eat well. Alsolais A, Alquwez N, Alotaibi KA, Alqarni AS, Almalki M, Alsolami F, Almazan J, Cruz JP. Routledge Academic. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. Wiley. Its enough to let them know theyre not alone. The potentialities of online teaching allowed a didactic continuity that would have been impossible otherwise, and this approach is likely to be