@VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. 7. s" Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. . Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. Rt. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. >> In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria. endobj British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development:
Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. 1. However, that is not so in a federal government system. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. Excellent, thanks a lot f Power Sharing Formula V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. by the federal or any state government. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. >> Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Hon. a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. << As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. Your email address will not be published. 3. The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . The Plural nature of Nigeria. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Population of the country Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. (eds. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? /F7 24 0 R There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. /F1 6 0 R Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. This is because most of the power (financial and. Moreover, /Subtype /Image Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ /BitsPerComponent 8 Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice.