Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. "[5] By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. And so the war was waged. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. ", Dai, Yingcong. #ga-ad {display: none;}
In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. At the . "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. ." The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. [CDATA[ The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Imperial Mistakes This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. 12 talking about this. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. 22 Feb. 2023 . The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. "Tianlijiao ", in. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. (present perfect, tell). The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. ThoughtCo. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. [6] In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. XIX Century Civil Wars. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). . . After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. ", Dai, Yingcong. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. He simply and quietly disappeared. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. id The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. Omissions? After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. (February 22, 2023). Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). . Kublai Khan Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Nothing is known of his end. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. }, Page last modified: Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common.