According to both men they were like brothers, the same fellow. And yet, when Kazan named names, their friendship was irrevocably torn. Though he initially refused to name names, Kazan, who was a communist, ultimately implicated several of his communist party-affiliated colleagues. Match. Elia Kazan did sufficient extraordinary work in theater and film to merit acknowledgement.. Monroe saw Miller off at the airport in January 1951 when he returned to New York. He and Inge have a daughter, Rebecca. Wed love to have you back! | Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Why is Rebecca Nurse accused of witchcraft? He was cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to identify people who he had met at two communist writers meetings. The playwright Arthur Miller handled the HUAC investigations in a far different way to Kazan. 1928 Bar-mitzvah at the Avenue M Father's business struggling and family move to Brooklyn. Mr. Arens: Was Arnaud DUsseau chairman of this meeting of Communist Party writers which took place in 1947 at which you were in attendance? Why does Reverend Hale change his mind about the witch trials? Miller The media had become less attentive without the headline-hungry senator around to stir things up, but Francis Walter was determined to press forward. Miller was willing to sign a statement declaring that he was not and never had been a Communist, but he refused to inform on his friends or fellow writers. Which capital is farther north Salt Lake City Utah or Carson City Nevada? Mr. Miller: (Miller confers with his lawyer) Sir, I believe I have given you the answer that I must give. Monroe was also sleeping with Miller's friend, director Elia Kazan, who was in Los Angeles to pitch a screenplay with Miller. Major Support for American Masters provided by. days before Romeo was infatuated with Rosaline, who did not return Millers final play, Finish the Picture, was based on the difficult filming of The Misfits. Arthur Miller kissing Marilyn Monroe on the forehead as he embraces her under a tree on his farm just after their marriage. Though attacked by some conservative critics, Miller's play went on to win the Tony Award for Best Play, while in 1956 the playwright was called to testify before HUAC. The Crucible, represents the paranoia about communism that pervaded America in the 1950s. similarities. I did research for that, so that by the time I was quite well known, and I attended these meetings in order to locate my ideas in relation to Marxism because I had been assailed for years by all kinds of interpretations of what communism was, what Marxism was, and I went there to discover where I stood finally and completely, and I listened and said very little, I think, the 4 or 5 times. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ). After earning a bachelor of arts degree in 1938 and marrying his college sweetheart, Mary Slattery, Miller struggled to establish himself as a playwright. With Monroe by his side, Miller told Walter: I could not use the name of another person and bring trouble on him.. Contact us The accused would then guarantee their new allegiance by breaking disgusting old vows in public. I dont know. The committee had subpoenaed Miller after he sought to renew his passport. But these moments of happiness were interrupted by other problems. Mr. Arens: What has been the nature of your activity in connection with Arnaud DUsseau? This portion of his testimony is near the end of the proceedings. In June of that year, he was called before HUAC, having been identified by film director Elia Kazan as someone who had attended You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. In fact, there are many in Hollywood who support the Academys decision to honor Kazan, among them Karl Malden, Warren Beatty, Robert De Niro, and Martin Scorcese. In January 1964, Miller's play After the Fall premiered in New York. Miller and Monroe got married on June 29, 1956, in a judge's office in White Plains, New York; a Jewish ceremony followed on July 1. Together, they next headed to WebWhen Miller refused, he was charged with contempt of Congress and convicted, but he was acquitted on appeal a year later. He did not have any children with Monroe. Embed from Getty Imageswindow.gie=window.gie||function(c){(gie.q=gie.q||[]).push(c)};gie(function(){gie.widgets.load({id:'K18M5XfERblAKjq5yWRoKg',sig:'IGuOFCpitTM51uNqD0eBd9-SKzpz_63Qie5vILvX_PU=',w:'594px',h:'436px',items:'515025468',caption: true ,tld:'com',is360: false })}); Arthur Miller was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1956, as HUACs power was waning. HUACs actions resulted in several contempt-of-Congress convictions and the blacklisting of many who refused to answer its questions. A whole era can be seen through the lives and works of these two men. During the Cold War, the United States government was extremely fearful of Soviet communism, subversion, and espionage, and many Americans believed Russia posed a Red Scare an imminent and grave threat to democracy. A year before DiMaggio and Monroe, began their ill-fated marriage, on January 22, 1953 the play The Crucible held its premiere at the Martin Beck Theatre in New York. Miller was widely criticized for turning Monroe and her pain into material for a play, though he denied the connection. Monroe was delighted by her marriage, saying at one point, "This is the first time Ive been really in love." (one code per order). Shortly after the Broadway premier of Bridge Miller was called before HUAC where he, unlike Kazan, refused to name names. All My Sons, Death of Why doesnt Danforth believe John Proctors confession of his infidelity with Abigail Williams? A View Arthur Miller explains his position on Communist thought and the relationship of art to politics, Mr. Walter: Mr. Miller, what has this to do . What is Arthur Miller's full name. I could not use the name of another person and bring trouble on him. I often ask myself the opposite question. How did the most exquisite woman alive, a poet and great artist, stay married to that cruel, hideous look Mr. Arens: Where were those meetings held? Mr. Miller: I will be perfectly frank with you in anything relating to my activities. Mr. Miller: I understood them to be Communist writers who were meeting regularly. Crucible (Noun) A severe test John Proctor -Partly autobiographical character Significance. Miller wrote The Crucible after seeing dozens of his colleagues called before HUAC, most importantly Elia Kazan, a director who had staged Millers play All My Sons in 1952. But this year, along with the manufactured glitz and glamour, there was an anger and vitriol nearly fifty years old. creating and saving your own notes as you read. During this time, Miller wrote a screenplay adaption of his short story The Misfits to give Monroe the opportunity to play a serious role, but the film was largely unsuccessful. It was a conflict that Marilyn would come to know only too well in the years ahead. What if Chicago read the same book at the same time? And that my counsel advises me that there is no relevance between this question and the question of whether I should have a passport or there should be passport legislation in 1956. The couple remained married until 1961, the same year she starred in PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. disgusting old vows in public. Continue to start your free trial. http://kentuckypress.com/live/title_detail.php?titleid=4645 Monroe told Lee and Paula Strasberg about what Miller had written. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). I have written All my Sons, and a novel Focus, and a book of Reportage about Ernie Pyle and my work with him on attempting to make the picture The Story of GI Joe. With the production of All My Sons in 1947, Miller finally established himself. I am the author of Hollywood Divided: The 1950 Screen Directors Guild Meeting and the Impact of the Blacklist Arthur Miller married three times: Mary Slattery (1940-1956), Marilyn Monroe (1956-1961), and Inge Morath (1962-2002). The witches and judges of Arthur Millers The Crucible, Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go For It, Betty White talks about funny women in comedy history, Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind 'Little Women'. Construction features. Mr. Miller: Mr. Chairman, I understand the philosophy behind this question and I want you to understand mine. But the movie shoot didn't go smoothly and she clashed with Olivier. But in the end, Miller, just like second spouse Joe DiMaggio, wasn't enough for the fragile actress. Though Miller was cited for contempt (his subsequent conviction would eventually be overturned on appeal), he did get his passport. Clearly, the necessity to name names was another link between the two periods. And yet, Miller sided with those who believed Kazan should be honored. Those investigated included many artists and entertainers, including the Hollywood Ten, Elia Kazan, Pete Seeger, Bertolt Brecht, and Arthur Miller. The actress and playwright were once enamored with each other even writing love letters but their relationship wasn't strong enough to endure. Omissions? He was called before the committee on June 21, 1956, and asked to disclose the names of suspected communists. Mr. Arens: Were those closed party meetings? For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! "Marilyn Monroe's Later Career" He responded to Miller's accusations by trying to force the left-leaning playwright to identify the persons with whom he had attended a Communist meeting in 1947. him her love. Monroe also tried to embrace a quieter life of cooking and homemaking. 1923 Sees first play--a melodrama at the Schubert Theater. Even before his hearing, Miller recognized a parallel Holding up Miller's passport and complicating the marriage plans was a subpoena to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee. The newlyweds were then to travel to Brussels, Belgium, for the opening of Millers new play, The Crucible, which dissected the 1692 witch hunt trials in Salem, Mass. You'll also receive an email with the link. I put Arthur through a lot, I know. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Are you asking who Arthur Miller married after he testified in front of the House Unamerican Activities Comittee? The phrasing of your question sou When she told the executive that she stood firm behind Miller and his beliefs, he warned her that she could be through in the film industry. James Madison HIgh School. Mr. Miller: I have given you my answer, sir. Now so that the record may be clear, I think we should say to the witness Witness, would you listen? The couple divorced in 1961. He decided not to invoke his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination and answered questions about his own actions but he refused to share the names of any other attendees. Although Miller was never officially blacklisted and his conviction was overturned the following year, the experience affected him deeply. Discount, Discount Code Through Miller and Kazan, the film explores the blacklist: its origins, the key agents of the Red Scare, and the damage done not only to those subpoenaed, but to Americas political system as well. When Miller, instructed by Kazan, took Monroe to a party, he didn't act on his obvious attraction to her. As his main point of the hearings was to have the accused make a public confession, to Arthur Miller was a cold-hearted intellectual who never loved Marilyn Monroe. He never even bothered to show up at her Los Angeles funeral. -To Central Idea Essay: Who Is Actually on Trial in the Play? Her ongoing substance abuse also made it difficult to get work done on the film. I understood then that this was to be, as I have said, a study course. BiblioWeb: webapp01 Version 4.9.1 Last updated 2023/02/16 09:33. Arthur Miller (19152005) was the author of essays, journals, short stories, a novel, and a childrens book, but is best known for his more than two dozen plays, which include the seminal American dramas Death of a Salesman and The Crucible.A staunch patriot and humanist, Millers work conveys a deeply moral outlook whereby all His request for a new passport brought his name before HUAC once again; Congressman Francis Walter wanted Miller to testify about the alleged misuse of passports by American citizens. How many degrees does a isosceles triangle have? He had attended communist meetings and supported communist causes, but he only attracted HUACs attention after writing The Crucible. Identify such construction features as tucks; pleats; waistbands; and varied styles of collars, sleeves, plackets, cuffs, pockets, and bias bindings. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Elia Kazan, one of Americas great directors, was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award, and this honor had divided Hollywood. For ten years the two men did not speak to each other, would not acknowledge each others existence. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. WebOn June 29th, 1956, Miller married Marilyn Monroe, who was preparing to star in Bus Stop and discussing a role in The Prince and the Showgirl with Laurence Olivier. And when she had an affair with co-star Yves Montand, she noted that Miller didn't fight for her, or even object to the liaison. Mr. Arens: Tell us, if you please, sir, about these meetings with the Communist Party writers which you said you attended in New York City. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Circuit Court of Appeals overturned his conviction, ruling that Walter had misled him. Alternate titles: Committee on Un-American Activities, Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities, Dies Committee, HUAC. Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller Had an Instant Connection, But Quickly Grew Apart Once Married, Photo: George Lockhart/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images, Photo: Ken Heyman/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images, READ MORE: Marilyn Monroe Didn't Actually Pose for the First Issue of, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. By the 1950s, anti-communist suspicion in the United States was everywhere, and Millers next two plays, an adaption of Henrik Ibsens An Enemy of the People and The Crucible, criticized McCarthyism and confronted themes of mass hysteria, irrational fear and political persecution. The exact words she read are unknown, but they related that Miller was disappointed by their marriage and sometimes found Monroe embarrassing. 2-10-2005 (Death of a Salesman 56th Anniversary) Works. 20% The relationship between Arthur Miller and the HUAC cannot be called amicable to any extent. Richard Arens (counsel for HUAC and a former aide to Senator McCarthy): Do you know a person by the name of Sue Warren? Miller's answer seemed to encapsulate his relationship with the press for the next few years: "It is your job versus my privacy. Even before his hearing, Miller recognized a parallel between the 1692 Salem witch trials and HUACs methods that encouraged citizens to betray each other. Mr. Arens: Do you know or have you known a person by the name of Arnaud DUsseau? Timebends, an autobiography, was published in 1987 to critical acclaim, and he collaborated on the 1996 screenplay adaption of The Crucible. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Learn about this time on the next page. about how everything is a lie and also told her to tell the judge I dont know whose it was. Together, they next headed to England so Monroe could work on The Prince and the Showgirl with Laurence Olivier. Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security. Historical Context Essay: Arthur Miller and the Red Scare, Literary Context Essay: Political Theater and the Play. On the surface, the controversy is straightforward. As recently as 2015, the Melbourne Theatre Company was reviving the play to great popular and critical success. It was widely perceived that, unlike so many others, Kazan had an alternative to naming names: the Broadway theater. When Miller refused, he was charged with contempt of Congress and convicted, but he was acquitted on appeal a year later. There was the normal buzz about Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Outfit. Dalton Trumbo, (born December 9, 1905, Montrose, Colorado, U.S.died September 10, 1976, Los Angeles, California), American screenwriter and novelist who Paris tells Capulet he'd like to marry Juliet before Romeo meets Updates? Monroe believed this indicated his respect for her, which was more than enough to make him stand out from other men she knew. Mr. Miller: All I can say, sir, is that my conscience will not permit me to use the name of another person (Miller confers with his lawyer). made several artistic responses to the HUAC investigations through his plays A View From the Bridge (1955) and The Crucible (1953). In 1957, Miller was found guilty of contempt of Congress, denied a passport and sentenced to a $500 fine or 30 days in jail. The overall reason why Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible was to protect his career. Monroe first encountered Miller in 1950. I think its very brave of the Academy to honor him, said actor James Coburn, himself nominated for Best Supporting Actor. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Arthur Miller married three times: Mary Slattery (1940-1956), Marilyn Monroe (1956-1961), and Inge Morath (1962-2002). For many, Kazans brilliant career-all that he contributed to the theater, to film, to letters-will be tainted by a single decision he was forced to make some fifty years ago. Free trial is available to new customers only. Why is the play called The Crucible? The Crucible allegory for Senator McCarthys ongoing persecution of suspected Communists. Sometimes it can end up there. Though their relationship had ended years before, he obviously never forgot her. Miller had obtained a divorce from Mary Slattery in Reno, Nevada, while Marilyn had been officially divorced from DiMaggio since November 1955. I there signed some form or another. which linked the HUAC investigations to the Salem witch-hunts. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Act I: Opening scene to the entrance of John Proctor, Act I: The entrance of John Proctor to the entrance
Catherine of Aragon. Before Henry became King, that honour was to go to his older brother Prince Arthur. When he and Catherine were both very young They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Arthur Miller, Elia Kazan and the Blacklist: None Without Sin. Its financing was too diffuse, which made it impossible for a few men to institute a blacklist as had been done in movies, radio, and television. But unlike the debate that swirled around the Kazan Oscar, None Without Sin paints a portrait of this time in appropriate shades of gray, finding-in the words of the blacklisted writer Dalton Trumbo-neither villains or heroes. The film not only considers the motivations of those who defied or capitulated to HUAC, but also examines those who were truly responsible for the suppression of legitimate dissent in this era: men like Parnell Thomas, Joseph McCarthy, Francis Walter, and the Hollywood moguls who instituted the blacklist. Meanwhile, a wave of worldwide support for the acclaimed playwright from prominent artists and statesmen indicated to the State Department that HUAC's decision could hurt American credibility abroad. .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Marilyn Monroe's longest marriage was with third husband Arthur Miller. Monroe managed to come back and complete the movie, but by then her marriage to Miller was over. il assume you aren't referring to his marriage to Marilyn. He wrote a famous play using the Salem witch trials. He wanted to show the dangers of fe In fact he says he wants to marry her before he himself has "Leave me alone, fellas," she would implore, as photos of her in old clothes and without makeup would be wired to papers across the country. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Rep. Francis Walter (D-Pa.), the committees chairman, promised Miller that he wouldnt be asked to name names but broke his word. What do Mary Slattery, Inge, Morth, and Agnes Barley have in common. Mr. Arens: Have you been in any Communist Party sessions with Arnaud DUsseau? Miller was subpoenaed by HUAC in June 1956, but his passport had been invalidated in 1954 because of suspected Communist leanings. Renews March 10, 2023 While reading The Crucible, the author, Arthur Miller, gives readers a little insight as to how married couples interacted with each other at that time. Summary. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Between Miller's problems with Congress and the possibility of marriage between the Beauty and the Brain, the media attention hurled at Miller and Marilyn in the summer of 1956 became unbearable. (Miller confers with his lawyer) Mr. Walter, could I ask you to postpone this question until the testimony is completed and you can gage for yourself? The movie script, based on a short story by Miller, had initially been intended to help her be seen as a serious actress. "The American Dream is the largely unacknowledged screen in front of which all American writing plays itself out," Arthur Miller has said. Donald Jackson (HUAC member and former House Representative from California): May I say that moral scruples, however laudable, do not constitute legal reason for refusing to answer the question. Mr. Jackson: Did you decline to answer the question? WebMiller refused to name people whom he knew to be fellow travelers. He was cited for contempt of Congress and was sentenced to jail, but his conviction was later overturned. Mr. Miller: They were held in someones apartment. Mr. Arens: Was anyone there who, to your knowledge, was not a Communist? .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Chris Rock, Doctors: No Further Hope for Actor Tom Sizemore, Raquel Welchs Mixed Feelings about Her Fur Bikini, Andrea Riseboroughs Oscar Controversy, Explained, 10 Milestones on Viola Davis Road to EGOT Glory. Now eighty-nine years old, Kazans impressive body of work includes such late 1940s and early 50s films as ON THE WATERFRONT, EAST OF EDEN, A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE, GENTLEMANS AGREEMENT, and A FACE IN THE CROWD. Though The Crucible was written in response to McCarthyism in Hollywood, Miller was not writing about his own persecution, but the culture of fear and intolerance he saw victimizing his friends and coworkers. Mr. Arens: Mr. Chairman, I respectfully suggest that the witness be ordered and directed to answer the question as to whether or not Arnaud DUsseau A-r-n-a-u-d. In the spring of 1956, he went to Nevada to establish residency so he could divorce his wife. On June 29, 1956, the pair got married at the Westchester County Court House in White Plains, New York. You know, like a cool drink when youve had a fever.". Miller also continued to concern himself with social and political issues: He actively spoke out against the Vietnam War; accepted the presidency of International PEN, an organization that defended the rights of politically oppressed writers; and served as a delegate to the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The hearing concluded shortly after this, with Miller continuing to refuse to name any names. The McCarthy-led House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) focused heavily on Hollywood and interrogated masses of actors, directors, writers, and musicians. Just as in The Crucible, the HUAC promised clemency in exchange for condemning others, leading to many false accusations and creating terrible guilt for those who did testify. 1915 Arthur Asher Miller was born on October 17th in New York City; family lives at 45 West 110th Street. Its all over. What I want is a positive statement as to whether or not you will answer that question. READ MORE: Inside Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio's Roller Coaster Romance. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. All Rights Reserved. Change). To the movie star, Miller seemed to give her that true sense of affection and safety; to the playwright, Monroes fierce loyalty to him during his HUAC testimony was forever a blessing. After the completion of Bus Stop, Marilyn returned to New York amid much speculation that she and Arthur Miller would soon marry. The Crucible was a powerful play How do family and peers affect decisions about clothing? (LogOut/ It was a long time ago. Kazans testimony was a bitter pill for many on the left. Miller and Monroe were divorced in 1961. However, unlike most other uncooperative witnesses, he did not invoke the Fifth Amendments protection against self-incrimination but rather cited the First Amendments guarantee of free speech and, by implication, the right to remain silent. The shoot was made harder for Monroe by Miller's rewriting, as she had trouble learning the last-minute dialogue. great play writer. These were writers, poets, as far as I could see, and the life of a writer, despite what it sometimes seems, is pretty tough. "How he thought I was some kind of angel but now he guessed he was wrong. Mr. Arens: Have you ever made application for membership in the Communist Party? Miller wrote in his autobiography that the main point of the hearings was to have the accused make a public confession, to damn their confederates as well as the Devil. Whom did arthur Miller marry soon after he appeared before the HUAC? Mr. Arens: I ask you now, sir, whether or not Sue Warren was in attendance at this meeting of the Communist Party writers held in New York City in 1947? All My Sons, A View from the Bridge, The Crucible, & Pulitzer for WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Who was Arthur Miller?, What were Miller's most famous plays?, The play, The Crucible, symbolized what? Miller certainly did not invent the term witch hunt. Following the end of World War II the Soviet Union was a powerful enemy of the United States, and both countries were engaged in mutual distrust and amassment of nuclear power that came to be called the Cold War. Their plans to divorce were announced on November 11, 1960. LeilaniMaynard. READ MORE: Marilyn Monroe Didn't Actually Pose for the First Issue of Playboy, Monroe and Miller's relationship reached its end point while they worked together on what would be her final film, The Misfits. Frequent revivals of The Crucible and Death of a Salesman in both the United States and abroad, including such locations as Beijing and Moscow, are truly a testament to the plays enduring value and universal themes. Following a divorce from his first wife and remarriage to actress Marilyn Monroe in 1956, Miller would not write another play for nearly a decade. Friar Laurence hesitates to marry Romeo and Juliet because just He defied the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) in 1956, and refused, unlike Kazan, to name those whom he knew to be fellow travelers. For this he was held in contempt of Congress, fined, and sentenced to jail time. Mr. Miller: May I confer with my attorney for a moment? Web2001. 10-17-1915 in Harlem, NY. He was called long after the early investigations and he believed that his marriage to Hollywoods most popular actress Marilyn Monroe helped spark the interest of the HUAC investigators. Purchasing In the early morning hours of March 21, 1999, Hollywood was completing the final preparations for its annual celebration of itself. When The Crucible premiered on Broadway in 1953, the country was in the midst of troubling and frightening period known as McCarthyism, or the Red Scare, which directly informed the play. Angered at this petty invasion of privacy, Miller accused Walter and the Committee of trying to capitalize on his relationship with Marilyn Monroe in order to increase publicity about HUAC's mission. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. This success was quickly followed by the Broadway premiere of Death of a Salesman in 1949, again under the direction of Kazan. that she really made the doll and gave it to Abigail. Mr. Arens: These were Communist Party meetings; were they not? Test. Mr. Arens: That was an application for membership in the Communist Party, was it not? and Photographers camped out at Marilyn's apartment building in New York, ambushing her as she entered and exited. In fact, the two men had come to embody the deep divisions that tore this country apart during the McCarthy era.