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The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. West Yorkshire, Doodle's Point of View These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. 214 High Street, All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. King Philip of Spain sent an. France was at war with England and Spain. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Norfolk was killed in 1572. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. By 1568 most people had accepted. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Save. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. LS23 6AD (*fragmentary*). Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. - navy to firth of Forth. J. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. Why religious compromise was so difficult. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Apply for student finance without a bank account? This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. 2) This war was not a success. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Spain and France were the major European powers. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security .