The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. Climate change and specialty coffee potential in Ethiopia Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Brighter Green, 2. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. [2][3][4] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. ", Tables D.4 D.7. (PDF) Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - Academia.edu [Pdf] Contribution of Agriculture in The Ethiopian Economy: a Time Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Section D. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Major Rivers of Ethiopia | Ethiopia About Ethiopia - EthioVisit.com Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. Agriculture - Ethiopian Statistics Service Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. Land use function 2 2.2. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. Section D. Characteristics of Agricultural Landscape Features and Local Soil Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. An estimated 85 percent of the . Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Download. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Kassaye Tolassa . Social and ecological system dynamics : characteristics, trends, and The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. A critical review of rural development policy of Ethiopia: access In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. "National Statistical Abstract. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. The Blue Nile River. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. 3. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . Ministry of Agriculture (Ethiopia) | Land Portal The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. State farms sold their output to the AMC. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Agriculture in Ethiopia - Wikipedia Production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture Penn State This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. "National Statistical Abstract. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. 2. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. Phenotypic Characterization and Reproductive Performance of Blackhead landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. >. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Agriculture in Ethiopia. will supply the domestic market. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. Extent, Distribution, and Causes of Soil Acidity under Subsistence Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - ScienceDirect Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture activities Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. The agricultural extension system in Ethiopia: Operational setup [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. PDF Characteristics of Agricultural Landscape Features and Local Soil Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. The state of subsistence agriculture in Ethiopia: sources of output Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. PDF Chapter 33 The Ethiopian manufacturing sector: Productivity - Soderbom The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . Agriculture. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. . Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP.